Plaque of Astorga

The interpretation of "Invictus Deus" in Roman religious inscriptions has been the subject of considerable scholarly debate, particularly with regard to its relationship with the deity Serapis. A noteworthy perspective is that of Antonio García y Bellido, who, influenced by the inscriptions found in the Baths of Caracalla, argues that "Invictus Deus" serves as an epithet for Serapis. This interpretation is based primarily on an inscription in which the name of Serapis is replaced by that of Mithras, accompanied by descriptors such as "aneiketos" and "kosmokrator", terms that denote an

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