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A philosophical study of Iranian civilization that explores its spiritual foundations, including the legacy of Mithraic and Zoroastrian traditions, in order to reflect on Iran’s historical continuity and civilizational meaning.
Francesco Massa examines how the concept of mysteria was transformed in the Roman Empire, as Christian authors from the mid-second century CE adopted the language of mysteries to articulate their own rituals and beliefs, reshaping understandings of both Christian and traditional cults…
Memoir by Félix Lajard analysing a Mithraic bas-relief discovered in Vienne in 1830. Based on direct examination of the fragments and their context, the study corrects an earlier misidentification and documents a rare lion-headed figure within a probable mithraeum…
Interprets Mithraism as an initiatory path of inner transformation, reading its myths and rites as symbolic maps of consciousness rather than as historical narratives, and includes an appendix with the Ritual of Mithra from the Great Magical Papyrus of Paris…
Stela dedicated to Mithras Invictus, found in 1895–1896 at Epamantodurum (modern Mandeure), in the territory of the civitas Sequanorum (Gallia Belgica). The inscription records a vow to Mithras Invictus made for the welfare of Sextus Maenius Pudens.
A gold coin depicting a bearded god with a crescent facing another god with a nimbus and a radiate crown, identified as Mithras by Vermaseren.
Marble inscribed slab recording the dedication of a Mithraeum and an antrum to Mithras for the safety and victories of Septimius Severus and his family, found in Rome.
The sculpture of the birth of Mithras in Florence included the head of Oceanus.
The relief of Mithras slaying the bull at Mauls in Gallia cisalpina is a paradigmatic example of the so-called Rhine-type Tauroctony.
Bronze fibula from Petronell-Carnuntum, depicting a standing lion-headed Aion.
This bust of a lion-headed figure has been was part of a French private collection.
A marble head in the Uffizi Gallery, long interpreted as a “dying Alexander,” but probably representing Mithras tauroctonos.
Currently in the Musei Vaticani, this Tauroctony includes Mithras’s birth restored as Venus anaduomene.
This lion-headed figure from Nida, present-day Frankfurt-Heddernheim, holds a key and a shovel in his hands.
Terracotta krater from the southern part of the Friedberg Mithraeum, discovered in 1849. The vessel is decorated in relief with serpents, a scorpion and a ladder-like motif.
In Letter 107 to Laeta, Jerome combines a pastoral reflection on conversion with an account of the urban prefect Gracchus, who ordered the destruction of a Mithraic cave in Rome, listing the seven grades of initiation associated with the cult.
A series of polemical passages in which a leading fourth-century Christian theologian presents the cult of Mithras as a religion defined by cruelty, bodily suffering, and shameful initiation rites.
Vicus Baudobriga was a Roman settlement on the left bank of the Rhine, founded during the conquest of Gaul. Its development reflects the Rhine’s shifting role as frontier, trade route, and fortified border before Roman withdrawal.
Small triangular slab bearing a Latin inscription referring to Sol Invictus and to a sacred cave, probably dating to the 4th century AD.