Maximus

Maximus is known from two graffiti discovered in the Mithraeum of Dura-Europos. One inscription records him as:

Nama Maximus scenicus legionis IIII Scythicae

identifying him as a scenicus associated with the Legio IV Scythica (TNMM 759; CIMRM 60; AE 1940, 229). The term scenicus is generally understood as referring to a performer or actor attached to the military environment, although the precise nature of his duties remains uncertain.

A second graffito from the same sanctuary reads:

Nama Maximus magus (TNMM 833; CIMRM 61).

The relationship between these two inscriptions has been the subject of scholarly debate. Since both graffiti originate from the Mithraeum of Dura-Europos and refer to an individual named Maximus, several scholars have considered the possibility that they refer to the same person. Israel Campos has recently argued that the title magus should be understood as an honorific designation borne by the same Maximus attested as scenicus (Campos 2026).

The interpretation of the title magus remains controversial. Cumont regarded it as evidence for a priestly function within the community, while Francis associated it with a high-ranking position among the Mithraists of Dura. Speidel argued that the title reflected a significant religious role and saw in the Magi of Dura a possible link between Roman Mithraism and Iranian religious traditions. More cautious assessments have rejected the assumption that the term necessarily denotes either a Mithraic grade or a Zoroastrian priest. Lavagne noted that the inscription does not prove the presence of Persian Magi within the sanctuary and highlighted alternative interpretations of the title (Cumont 1975; Francis 1975; Speidel 1977; Lavagne 1976).

Although the identification of the two graffiti cannot be demonstrated with certainty, the coincidence of name, location and context makes it plausible that both inscriptions refer to the same member of the Mithraic community.